History of origin
Gorodets painting originated in the 18th-19th centuries in the Nizhny Novgorod region. There were many talented woodcarvers here, whose products decorated the life and household utensils of the peasants. Fairs with wooden products were famous in this area.
According to history, earlier in every village they celebrated the day of Ivan Kupala and, in addition to mass celebrations and lighting bonfires, they looked for an unusual fern flower. It grew in the forest and bloomed only 1 night a year - on Ivan Kupala. Residents did not know what it really was and therefore endowed it with an individual shade.
Later, Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen decorated wood products with amazing fern flowers. Some were bright red, others were sunny, and some were black. They were called kupavs with fern leaves. It was believed that such a symbol would bring prosperity and happiness to the house.
Also in those days, every house had a dismountable spinning wheel. After working on it, the bottom on which the comb was attached was hung on the wall. To attract attention, they began to decorate it with paintings. When fabrics became cheaper, the spinning wheels were hidden, and master carvers, in addition to the bottoms, began to decorate other utensils, including dishes, furniture, and children's toys with strange images.
“Applique. Kitchen board “Gorodets painting”.
-So what is Gorodets? Let's read about this in the textbook and watch slides with Gorodets painting.The history of Gorodets fishing is not very long. This fishery developed only 150-200 years ago. It originates from carved Gorodets spinning wheels, which had their own peculiarity: a comb and a bottom. To decorate the Donets Gorodets, craftsmen used a unique technique - inlay: figures were cut out of a different type of wood and inserted into a recess of the appropriate shape.
Thus, having only two shades of wood and a simple tool, folk craftsmen turned the surface of the bottom board into a real picture.
Later, for artistic richness, masters began to use tint, a bright combination of yellow with dark oak; the addition of blue, green, and red colors made the bottom even more elegant and colorful.
— Look at the products with Gorodets painting. What do they show?
A significant place in this painting is occupied by floral motifs - lush “roses”, painted broadly and decoratively. Along with genre realistic motifs, decorative images of birds and animals live in Gorodets paintings. There are exotic lions and leopards. Especially often is the image of a hot, strong horse or rooster in a proud, warlike pose. The Gorodets master of painting loves flowers. They are scattered everywhere on the field of paintings with cheerful garlands and bouquets. Flowers in Gorodets painting are a symbol of health and prosperity.
Buds are a type of Gorodets flowers. Kupavka is the most common flower in Gorodets ornament. Rosean reflects the main characteristics of a flower, that is, it has petals and a pronounced center; silhouette in the shape of a circle. The size may be larger than the kupavka. The center of the flower is drawn in the middle. Another feature of this painting is that each element is painted in a certain sequence:
1. Performing underpainting - the main color spots are applied.
2. Detailed drawing of the elements - the spots are complemented by elements: the core, flower petals, leaves.
3. Livening - flowers are decorated with white and black: droplets, stripes, dots.
And the end result is wonderful, amazing urban patterns. The decorativeness of the motifs is emphasized by the decorativeness of color and techniques.
— What paints does the master use when painting?
Favorite backgrounds are bright green or red, deep blue, sometimes black, on which the multicolored Gorodets color splashes especially lushly.
-Now that you have learned about the features of Gorodets painting, I think you will be able to distinguish Gorodets from other types of painting.
-Find items with Gorodets painting among the exhibited works.
-By what signs did you recognize the Gorodets painting?
Conducts physical exercises.
Drawing tools
True masters say that the most important thing in their work is their state of mind. It must be pure, enlightened. It is necessary to fully concentrate on the artistic work that lies ahead in the next few minutes.
A modern person, accustomed to the fast pace of life, even with the greatest desire, cannot for a short time renounce everyday worldly worries and problems, as skillful icon painters who lived several centuries ago did. However, focusing on creativity must be learned.
You should start with organizing your workplace, paying attention to the following aspects:
| Aspect | Description |
| Table | Gorodets craftsmen differ from Khokhloma and Bogorodsk craftsmen in that during their work they can sit at ordinary tables. The working surface does not have to be located at the level of the seated person’s knees. Khokhloma and Bogorodsk masters should have long tables, but Gorodets artists work on tables of ordinary length. Beginner creators are advised to ensure that the table is wider, preferably with a footrest |
| Chair | The chair on which the artist will sit should be positioned so that the rays of light are on the left side |
| Lighting | It is better to give preference to natural light. To do this, you can sit near a window where the sun is shining. If this is not possible, you can use a lighting device. The lamp should be bright and located so that the canvas on which it is planned to paint is evenly illuminated. All areas of this canvas should receive approximately the same amount of light. Only in this case will the light emitted by the device be close to natural light |
| Room | One of the main conditions is that the work area must be well ventilated. Failure to comply with this requirement may lead to an allergic reaction as a result of prolonged interaction with paints, varnishes, solvents and other chemicals that are not very beneficial to health. |
To avoid excessive stress during the process, experts recommend that you immediately get used to the working position.
To do this, the artist needs:
- be positioned straight;
- tilt your head a little;
- make sure that the distance between the eyes and the canvas is just over 30 cm;
- During the process, draw with both the brush and the entire upper limb, starting from the forearm.
Sometimes the artist holds his hands suspended: with his left he supports the wooden product, and with his right he directly carries out the painting itself. Sometimes the master's forearms rest on the surface of the table. This happens, for example, when painting a flat plate.
Before starting work, it is necessary to correctly place on the table surface all the equipment that you plan to use. If this is not done, then fuss will begin during work. For this reason, real masters follow a strictly routine order in placing paints and painting tools on the table.
Namely:
- The place in front of the master is free. Items that will be needed in the work will be placed here;
- it is necessary to allocate a space of approximately 0.5 square meters. m to accommodate 2-3 small boards. They should lie so as not to interfere with each other. Next time, the master can replace the boards with wooden spoons or boxes that are to be painted;
- Place containers with paints and a palette near the products. The latter is a wide plate of glass or plastic. The main condition is that its surface should be easy to clean;
- Place a vessel with water on the table and put a small cloth.
For a beginning craftsman, the main tools will be brushes, paper and paints.
Paper
You will need white paper. You can take a leaf from a school album.
Paints
Gorodets masters perform painting elements with oil paints, so you can follow their example. However, a novice painting artist is recommended to use gouache. This could be a kit for schoolchildren.
Black, white, scarlet, cherry and bright blue are used pure, and yellow, dark green and red are used to obtain new colors. If you mix them correctly, you get a gamma similar to Gorodets.
You will also need cinnabar to work. This is a material that has a bright red color. It is expensive, so many beginning artists do without it at first. However, without cinnabar it will not be possible to make a good painting.
An artist working with gouache must remember: before starting to apply the 2nd layer, you must wait until the previously applied layer has completely dried. If this is not done, the image will take on a whitish tint.
Brushes
Craftsmen use various brushes to apply paint to a wooden product. Their exact number and size depend on what techniques will be used, as well as on the scale of the work. Artists can work for several days to create one masterpiece.
All brushes must be placed on special wooden stands.
Gorodets painting (elements of painting are done without a layout) will require 3 artistic brushes:
- squirrel under No. 2 or No. 3;
- core under No. 1 or No. 2;
- flute made of soft hair.
After use, each brush should be thoroughly washed and dried.
“Gorodets salt shaker” lesson plan on applique, modeling (preparatory group)
Application "Gorodets salt shaker"
Goal: To develop children’s skills in creating applicative patterns based on Gorodets painting. Objectives: To ensure that children’s knowledge of Gorodets painting as a type of folk decorative and applied art is consolidated. Arouse interest in the manufacture of household items decorated with Gorodets patterns. Strengthen the ability to cut circles of different sizes and flowers along the contour; teach children to fold the sheet like an accordion carefully so that the corners connect to each other; teach how to transfer a template onto a sheet of colored paper. Develop children's creative abilities and spatial thinking. Cultivate accuracy in work, perseverance, and the desire to complete the work started. Materials and tools needed for work: colored paper, scissors, glue - pencil, pencil, marker or felt-tip pen, ready-made silhouettes of a salt shaker.
Progress
In blue shawls, in red buds, large and small green leaves, they brought a casket from the city.... (Gorodets).In the city of Gorodets they make beautiful things that are needed on the farm. These are kitchen boards, salt shakers, bread bins, spice boxes, etc. They are decorated with floral patterns (roses, roses, daisies, leaves), magical birds, horses. Such elegant things serve not only for storing food, but also decorate the interior of the kitchen.
We begin work by cutting out the templates. We transfer the templates onto colored paper: yellow – salt shaker; green - leaves; for rosan: circle (diameter 5.5 cm) - pink (blue), rosan - white and red (blue), circle (diameter 1.5 cm) - white, circle (diameter 1 cm) - red (blue); for bathing: circle (diameter 3.5 cm) – blue (pink), circle (diameter 1cm) – blue (red), “zhizhka” – white.
Cut out the yellow salt shaker.
Cut out a blue circle with a diameter of 5.5 cm for the rose and a pink circle with a diameter of 3.5 cm for the bath, glue: a blue circle at the bottom of the salt shaker, and a pink circle at the top.
We cut out the white and blue roses, and glue them at the bottom of the salt shaker onto the blue circle: first the white rose, and then the blue one.
Cut out and glue onto the blue rose first a white circle with a diameter of 1.5 cm, and then a blue circle with a diameter of 1 cm.
We cut out a red circle with a diameter of 1 cm and a white “zhivka”, glue it to the pink circle in the upper part of the salt shaker.
Fold a strip of green paper into an accordion shape (2 pieces), trace a leaf stencil, and cut it out.
We glue green leaves: in the lower part of the salt shaker - three leaves to the right and left of the rose (we start with the middle leaf), then in the upper part of the salt shaker - two leaves to the right and left of the bath.
We trace the outline of the salt shaker with a marker.
Gorodets patterns, What a joy for the eyes. Craftswomen are growing up, Maybe among us! And. V. Kadukhina
First experience
A typical element of the painting is a stylized flower. It is found in almost every drawing, so it’s worth starting to get acquainted with this fascinating type of creativity. After understanding how and what to draw, you can make templates for Gorodets painting of boards and use them as stencils. Some people prefer to glue appliques, although patterns applied with a brush and paints look much more interesting. To work you will need:
- brushes of different sizes;
- a thick sheet of white paper;
- cherry gouache;
- pencil;
- eraser;
- container with water.
First, draw 4 circles with a pencil. One of them should be slightly smaller than the others. One spot is drawn on each circle, on two – closer to the middle, on the other two – on the edges. These will be the flower cores. Then petals are drawn along the entire circumference. Each such element is a narrow arc-shaped strip, the top of which protrudes beyond the edge of the circle, and the ends are directed towards the center. The arc expands towards the top, and its edges are pointed.
