Solid state of water
The solid state of water is either ice or snow. But there are also some associations regarding what state of aggregation frost belongs to - and frost is a solid state of aggregation, since it is small ice chips or frozen dew drops.
When water freezes, its molecules begin to move further apart, making ice less dense than liquid, i.e. It turns out that water in a solid state of aggregation occupies a larger volume than in a liquid state.
Based on the law of the famous physicist Daniel Bernoulli, “most of the tested substances begin to compress when the temperature decreases, and water begins to expand, which is its unique feature.”
The freezing process of water is a process that occurs at a temperature parameter value of 0 on the Celsius scale (273.15 K on the Kelvin scale), i.e. Water crystallizes and changes from a liquid to a solid state. There is one factor that influences the freezing point of water - the content and presence of salts in the crystal lattice.
There is an interesting question that is often found in physics Olympiad tasks: “Name a metal that, being in a liquid state of aggregation (i.e., being in a molten state) can freeze water?”
The only answer to this question is the following fact: a metal such as mercury begins to melt at a temperature value. Based on this, it follows that mercury at a temperature from -38 to 0 degrees Celsius is capable of freezing water, while taking away its accumulated heat.
The most common state of water on our planet, unlike the rest, is all freshwater water reserves, which are mostly in frozen form, since about 11% is the area occupied by glaciers on our planet.
The liquid aggregate state of water can turn into solid at a temperature on the order of the Celsius scale, then sea water (having an average density of about 1030, the so-called average salinity, can freeze at a temperature of about the Celsius scale.
In this form, water, in this case ice, retains its shape and volume. Under the influence of temperature, water begins to change state and turn into ice, i.e. freeze. There are two types of solid state of water - amorphous and crystalline. In an amorphous state, the atoms of a substance are chaotic, while in a crystalline state, on the contrary, they are ordered.
Phase transitions
Under the influence of temperature and certain external influences, water changes its state; a phase transition of water occurs from one state to another. Phase transitions of water include processes such as:
1. Ice-water, otherwise the melting process, during which a substance transitions from a solid to a liquid state.
2. Water-ice, this is the process of freezing (crystallization) - a liquid substance turns into a solid. Let's consider the process of crystallization; it is possible when the temperature decreases. When molecules lose their heat, they become less mobile because they lack energy. For example, we put a container of water in the freezer of the refrigerator, and the water will turn into ice.
3. Water-steam (gas/steam formation), steam-water (condensation). As the temperature of the water increases, evaporation accelerates, and as the water reaches a temperature of 100 * C, it begins to boil, in this state it can no longer accept energy without changing its state, and as a result, evaporation occurs. Boiling is an intense process of water turning into steam, and condensation is the reverse process. During condensation, the process occurs in reverse, a small amount of heat is released into the environment, and its temperature rises slightly.
4. Ice-steam (bypassing the state of water), this process is called sublimation. An example of sublimation can be an experiment with a wet shirt hung in the cold - the ice will disappear from the shirt, turning into steam.
5. Steam - ice, as a result we have desublimation. This process releases energy. An example would be a frosty pattern on glass.
6. Gas-plasma. To do this, it is necessary to ionize the gas. The degree of ionization depends on the number of atoms and temperature.
Conclusion
Water is both a building material that is used to create all living things, and a medium in which all life processes take place, and a solvent that removes substances harmful to it from the body, and a unique transport that supplies biological structures with everything necessary for the normal flow of complex processes in them. physical and chemical processes.
And this comprehensive influence of water on any living structure can be not only positive, but also negative. Depending on its state, water can be both a creator of flourishing life and its destroyer, a gravedigger - it all depends on its chemical and isotopic composition, structural, and bioenergetic properties. It is no coincidence that Academician I.V. Petryanov said: “Water is a true miracle of nature!” Scientists are absolutely right: there is no substance on Earth that is more important for us than ordinary water, and at the same time there is no other substance whose properties would have as many contradictions and anomalies as its properties.
"What is water?" - the question is far from simple. Everything that has been said about it in this work is not an exhaustive answer to this question, and in many cases it is not yet possible to give a clear answer to it. For example, the question of the structure of water, the causes of numerous anomalies in water, and, probably, many more properties and varieties of water that we are not even aware of, remains open. We can only say for sure that water is the most unique substance on earth.
Let us recall the words of our brilliant compatriot Academician. V.I. Vernadsky about “we must expect a special exceptional character of the physical and chemical properties of water among all other compounds, which is reflected in its position in the universe and on the structure of the universe.”
List of used literature
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- National Research Council // Drinking Water and Health. Washington, 1977. Vol. 7.
- Fletcher NH, The chemical physics of ice, Camb., 1970.
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