Russian folk toy is an important ethnic element and a monument of traditional culture of the Russian people. It is a synthetic type of folk art, which combines the means of decorative, applied and fine arts, and musical elements. A toy is also a traditional element of child rearing. Children learn about the world and socialize in society through play. Traditional folk toys vary in type, material and manufacturing method. In addition, there is a relationship between folk toys and different types of economic activity of people, tools and religious beliefs. The folk toy was an important element in the socialization and education of children.
Kargopol Russian folk toy
Russian folk toys are attractive for their ambiguity, depth, symbolism of the image, decorativeness, brevity, sense of the material and its natural properties, traditional technological techniques, conventionality of images and much more. Folk toys depict people, fauna objects: birds, deer and elk, bears, horses, goats and other animals. Russian traditional toys are made mainly from clay, wood, straw and birch bark.
Dymkovo Russian folk toy “Water-carrier”
Russian folk toys have different symbols. For example, a toy in the shape of the sun, a rocking horse, or a swing is a symbol of well-being. A toy in the shape of an egg, a rooster - a symbol of the sky. The deer symbolizes sunlight, peace on earth and a happy marriage. The bear is a symbol of strength and wealth.
Russian folk toy made of clay and wood
Over the centuries, residents of a certain region have created and passed on from generation to generation original traditions of making folk toys, which were unique, original and combined the national characteristics of a certain region of Russia. By the external features of the Russian folk toy, one could understand in which particular area it was made.
Bogorodskaya Russian folk toy made of wood
As mentioned above, toys were mainly made from two materials: clay (Abashevskaya, Dymkovskaya, Kargopolskaya, Pleshkovskaya and Filimonovskaya toys) and wood (Bogorodskaya Mazykskaya toy, matryoshka, bird of happiness).
Abashevskaya Russian folk toy
Abashevo Russian folk toy is made of clay. Its name comes from the village of Abashevo, Penza province. In the 19th–20th centuries. The best pottery masters lived in the village of Abashevo, whose works were valued throughout Russia. In the Penza province, in the village of Abashevo, there were rich deposits of clay, which was originally used to make beautiful dishes. Abashevo toys were first made in the mid-19th century for children's games. But after a while, the toys began to be given a satirical character, with the aim of ridiculing liars and those who profit from their neighbors.
The peak of development of the Abashevo toy came in the 20th century, when many craftsmen in making dishes from clay could no longer compete with factories. It was during this period that most craftsmen began making whistles, which aroused genuine interest and even delight among children. One of the famous masters of that period was Timofey Zotkin . His works had a significant influence on subsequent generations.
Abashevskaya Russian folk toy
The subjects of Abashev's toys are varied, among the main ones are animals and birds, the main feature of which is an overly long body with a neck and short legs. Animals were often depicted with lush curls and beards. Mostly they sculpted rams, deer, and goats. In appearance they resemble fantastic centaurs, which are characterized by some satire. Abashevo's toy is designed to ridicule human vices, especially love of money and deception. That is why, along with unusual animal figures, you can see an elegant young lady, a dashing horseman and a prince in the form of a ram with a human face.
When making a toy, the master uses clay and several stacks, with the help of which he forms a figurine, makes holes and patterns. Afterwards the product is fired and painted. To paint the Abashevo toy, craftsmen used oil and enamel paints, which ensured the durability and richness of the designs. The theme of the painting is, first of all, nature and the surrounding world, not devoid of symbolism. The Abashevo toy is dominated by red, green and blue colors.
MAGAZINE Preschooler.RF
Folk toy in the life of a preschooler- Kuznetsova Olga Nikolaevna
- Malygina Irina Leonidovna
Teachers of MKDOU No. 7 “Cheburashka”, Mirny
“He who does not know his past has no future . (proverb).
The modern market is replete with countless bright, beautiful, unusual, fantastic, and sometimes useless and harmful toys for the development and upbringing of children. Because of this, a conflict often arises between theorists and practitioners of the toy market, but it is impossible to avoid a conflict of interest in our time, but it is necessary to work on this problem.
For more than a hundred years, the attention of scientists has been attracted by folk toys. After all, it was the traditional toy that played a large role in the upbringing and education of children. They go back centuries and, being closely connected with the way of life of the family, the toy introduced the child into the world of adults, prepared him for independent work, passing on the experience of the older generation to the younger.
People noticed: when children play a lot and diligently, there will be profit in the family; They believed that toys protected children's sleep and peace, and they placed them next to the child as a talisman.
One possible solution is to study folk toys during children’s play activities. Children can not only admire a folk toy in a museum or at an exhibition, but they can also make a toy themselves. This evokes a positive emotional response in children. We reproduced folk toys together with the children: we sculpted them from plasticine, cut them out of paper, painted them, got acquainted with folk types of painting, made dolls from threads and material (amulet dolls), collected nesting dolls.
A hand-made doll used to be an important element in the development and upbringing of a child. In general, the doll occupied and currently occupies a special place in the upbringing and development of a child, especially girls. This is the toy that best meets the child’s cognitive needs. Being an image of a person, it allows the playing child to imitate the world of adult relationships. The doll absorbs the child’s ideas about the surrounding reality. In playing with a doll, a child consolidates his ideas about reality and expands them, learns about the world around him, learns to express his feelings, and the child develops communication skills. Thanks to playing with a doll, the child goes through the school of primary socialization. A doll is an indispensable and faithful companion to children's games, but at the same time it is also the most accessible work of art.
Dolls were made from completely different and any material: rags, wood, clay and plant materials, and everything that was at hand. This contributed to the development of the child’s imagination, the ability to feel the material and use it. Naivety and lack of naturalism, on the one hand, and the rich imagination of children, the originality of their thinking, on the other, make it possible to create wonderful puppet images. Dolls are made differently in different countries. They express the characteristics of their era, the country where they appeared. In past years, the luxurious Frenchwoman played the role of a fashion model, demonstrating outfits and an aristocratic lifestyle. German dolls were distinguished by external restraint, sentimentality and romance, and supported the cult of family. Spanish beauties retained traces of religious cult, while eastern beauties retained mystery.
Russian dolls-toys are original, unique, each with its own name: amulet, haircut, diaper, balbeshka, skeleton, tumbler and many others. Each doll with its own unique name served its purpose and had a specific function. At the beginning of the 20th century, the woman doll became widespread. The reverence and love for her was explained by the fact that for a long time she retained echoes of Slavic beliefs, which influenced her appearance. The toy was required to have its chest marked; a toy doll was made without a face so that evil spirits could not enter the doll. A doll without a face was a child’s amulet; people were afraid to liken it to a person. Instead of a face, sometimes a cross was drawn with charcoal: such a talisman saved the child from trouble, illness, adversity and the evil eye. Baby dolls appeared only in the middle of the 19th century, and in our country they became famous only at the end of the century before last.
The modern doll has child's proportions. She blinks her huge eyes and blushes. She is dressed in children's and adult clothes. With the advent of Barbie, a revolution took place in the doll world. The girls enthusiastically accepted the new toy, because its external characteristics corresponded to their idea of beauty. But Barbie exists only when surrounded by her own things. For it you need to buy furniture, a house, then a pool, a car, an arc, and so on ad infinitum. Barbie is a product of consumer society. She is soulless and infantile. Acting with such a doll, the child himself turns into a soulless doll, playing on the stage of life according to the laws of consumer society. The advantage of a modern doll is that it is durable. She can be washed, combed, changed into different clothes, can change profession, and is made and sold with a set of cosmetics and appropriate accessories. Modern dolls have bendable heads, arms, legs and waists. Their disadvantage is that they are not individual, but introduced into mass production.
Let the children make their own dolls from scrap materials. Each doll is like a person: one of a kind, and she has the only outfit, she has her own creation story and a unique image.
The folk doll has left our lives, but a modern child should know and have a folk doll. This is confirmed in the book “Don’t Cry, Cossack Girl!” by the wonderful Russian actress Nonna Mordyukova “We never had store-bought toys and it was not customary to count on them . Russian folk toy is a special type of folk art. Toys made of clay, wood, straw, birch bark, amulet toys, nursery rhyme toys, haircuts and roes, Dymkovo, Kargopol, Arkhangelsk, Filimonov - all these are folk toys, warmed by the warmth of human hands, painted by folk craftsmen, which have long given warmth and love to people , but, unfortunately, forgotten by modern children. A folk toy is not only a cultural heritage, a museum exhibit or a souvenir for interior decoration, but it can be understandable and expressive to any child, can help maintain children’s health and foster sincere feelings of love for nature, a penchant for work, respect for their land and native nature, but can successfully cope with its training.
Bibliography:
- Veraksa N.E. Project activities for preschoolers (text): A manual for teachers of preschool institutions. NOT. Veraksa - M.: Mozaika-Sintez, 2008, 112 pp.
- Vingadva N.A. Educational projects in kindergarten (text). A manual for educators, N.A. Vinogradova, E.A. Pankova. – M.: Iris-press, 2008, 208 pp.
- Zhuaveva V.N. Project activities of older preschoolers (text). Comp. V.N. Zhuravleva. Volgograd: Teacher, 2011, 202 pp., ill.
- Zakharova M.A., Kostina E.V. Project activities in kindergarten: parents and children (text). Zakharova M.A., Kostina E.V. M.: School press, 210, 64 pp., ill.
- Ryzhova N.A. and others. Mini-museum in kindergarten (text). Ryzhova N.A. and others. M.: Linka - Press, 2008, 256 pp., ill.
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Dymkovo Russian folk toy
The Dymkovo Russian folk toy, which is also made from clay, is widely known to this day. The Dymkovo toy has been made for centuries. Such a toy was made in the settlement of Dymkovo, located near the city of Kirov. Craftsmen worked in the Dymkovo settlement alone and in families. By the beginning of the 19th century, toys from Dymkovo spread throughout Russia.
Dymkovo folk toy “Girl with a samovar”
In those days, more than 100 thousand toys were produced per year, which went on sale, including in the capital and in the Orenburg province. 59 families from Dymkovo worked on their creation. The most famous masters were the Koshkins and Nikulins . At the beginning of the 20th century, Dymkovo toys lost their former popularity, although already in the 1930s the Dymkovo craft began to revive in Kirov. The Dymkovo toy is traditionally made in the form of a lady, horsemen, hussars, fantastic birds and animals, and there are also multi-figure plot compositions.
The process of making a Dymkovo toy consists of two stages: sculpting the product and painting it. There are traditions in creating the shape of a toy and in its design, which are expressed primarily in staticity, splendor of forms and brightness of painting. For example, in the composition “Mother with Children” the figure of a woman looks straight ahead, she seems to have frozen in this position. The same static quality is present in toys depicting birds and animals.
The following images of Dymkovo toys are especially popular::
- The turkey is as colorful as a peacock.
- The lady is both an elegant city person and a traditional peasant woman in a kokoshnik. Children can be depicted next to her.
- Lamb - figurines of this animal can have horns of different sizes. Note that they are always gold plated. Lambs are depicted as ordinary or in elegant clothes.
- The horse is traditionally in bright blue colors.
- Men in Dymkovo toys are most often depicted as a rider on a horse, a walking city or village gentleman.
- Pigs, birds, bells. They are depicted in different variations and tones.
Dymkovo Russian folk toy
To make the Dymkovo toy, Vyatka red clay and river sand are used. Each part of the toy is created separately: a body is molded from a round piece of clay, onto which the remaining parts of the toy are attached. Next, the product is dried in the open air for several days. Then it is burned on fire. In Rus' they used a stove for this. Today it is a muffle furnace, where the temperature reaches 1000 °C. When the figurine cools, it is bleached. In Rus', milk was also used for this.
The next stage is coloring. In ancient times, natural dyes based on eggs, milk, soot, vinegar, and tempera were used for this. These days, acrylic paints are most often used. Bird tails, animal horns, and people's clothing are covered with copper leaf (thin foil). Dymkovo toys are characterized by the use of red, blue, yellow, emerald, light blue, green and orange. White and black paint are used in small quantities. Each color with which the toy is painted has its own meaning: white is a symbol of purity; black - lies; green - nature; red - strength, health; blue - sky.
The patterns used in painting Dymkovo toys are closely related to folk beliefs and symbols of nature. For example, the sun and moon are a symbol of the origin of life; diamonds are a sign of fertility; waves are a sign of sky and moisture. The final stage of painting is the application of gold leaf. Currently, the Dymkovo toy is developing, new technologies are emerging, fresh ideas are appearing, but the manufacturing traditions remain unchanged.
Folk toy in the life of a preschooler
Consultation for parents of a kindergarten “Folk toy in the life of a preschooler”
This work will be of interest to teachers and parents for introducing folk and applied culture through a toy, using logical tasks for children, theoretical material for adults. Goal: To introduce parents to arts and crafts culture through familiarization with folk toys. Objectives: - To create interest and desire for folk traditions, for the culture of one’s people. — Foster spiritual traditions in your child’s life. — Develop the child’s cognitive sphere through logical tasks. Equipment: exhibition of folk toys, album with illustrations, children's fakes. “He who does not know his past has no future”
(Folk wisdom) Raising a conscious citizen and patriot means forming in a child a complex of certain knowledge, personal qualities and character traits: - patriotic orientation, civic responsibility and courage, - respect for parents, one’s own pedigree, traditions and history of the native people - discipline, hard work, creativity, care for nature and the ecology of the native land; — respectful attitude towards the culture, beliefs, traditions and customs of our people. In order for children to become the creators of their own destiny, it is necessary that they firmly grasp the spirituality and culture of their native people, and be deeply imbued with the national spirit, way of life and thinking. To do this, it is necessary to return to the moral traditions of raising children: the desire for goodness and beauty, justice and truth. After all, a child is not born moral or immoral; he gradually becomes so depending on the environment, conditions in which he lives, and the kind of upbringing he receives. Christian pedagogy advises that as early as possible we teach to strive for Truth and Good, to avoid and be ashamed of evil and untruth, and therefore to raise children on the principles of justice and mercy. To do this, adults need to show the beauty of nature, listen to spiritual music, read literary works, and introduce them to decorative and applied arts. Therefore, parents should become an example for children, do good themselves and guide their children to the same manifestations as politeness, compassion, and mercy. It is necessary to cultivate spiritual values from the first year of life. Children learn everything through play and toys. TOY. Adults are used to buying in stores and supermarkets, and before, making toys was a wonderful craft for needlewomen. In the spring, children with special diligence made multi-voiced whistles, decorating them with artistic drawings.
The girls skillfully wove wreaths and made nightshade dolls. In the fall, when vegetables were collected from the fields, the children made funny masks. They took the pulp out of the pumpkin, cut out the eyes, nose and mouth, and inserted a candle inside. In the evening, as dusk was falling, they went out into the street. In ancient times, the folk calendar began in spring. For a long time, people began to consider the egg a symbol of life, the arrival of spring. That’s why our ancestors adored it and painted it with different bright colors. This is how a wonderful art arose - Easter eggs. Children always took part in painting eggs.
The pysanky depicted various lines and dots symbolizing the infinity of the world. In every rural family, parents made dolls, spinning tops, spinning tops from reels, spinning wheels, and rattles for their children. The best gift for children from a bazaar or fair was colored candy or gingerbread in the form of cockerels, fish, squirrels, and larks.
Adults create conditions for children to become acquainted with folk games and toys. Raising a young soul is a real art, which was built on the ideas of goodness. And goodness manifests itself with the first glimpses of consciousness, with the first ideas and thoughts about the world around us. Sukhomlinsky wrote: “A game is a huge bright window through which a life-giving stream of ideas and concepts flows into the spiritual world of a child. Play is the spark that ignites the flame of inquisitiveness and curiosity.” Approaching the folk toy from a pedagogical point of view, we see that it is based on a subtle knowledge of the child’s psychology and has a diverse impact on the development of his feelings, mind, character and intellect.
Questionnaire for parents: 1.What do children do in their free time?___________________________ 2.What toys do they play with?_________________________________ 3.What folk toys do you know? ________________ 4. Do you have folk toys at home? Which? _______________ 5.What folk holidays are associated with folk toys? ____ 6. How are the toys different? __________________ 7.What masters do you know? _________________ 8.What folk toys would you like to buy? _____________ 9. What kind of toys are made from natural materials for children? From the test? Did you make it with plasticine together?___ 10. Do you have a desire to take part in children's exhibitions? National holidays? Tasks for children. 1. Help the bird reach the spikelet.
2. How many toys did the artist draw? 3. Find the differences on the whistles.
4. Draw a pattern on the toy.
5.Which toy is the odd one out here? What material is it made of?
6. Look carefully and count all the toys.
I suggest you look at the exhibition of children's works.
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Consultation for parents of preschool educational institutions Games for the development of fine motor skills in preschool children Consultation for parents of kindergarten Recommendation for parents of future first-graders
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Kargopol Russian folk toy
The clay Kargopol toy is known throughout Russia and abroad. The name of the product comes from the ancient city of Kargopol, Arkhangelsk province, which in ancient times was one of the centers of the Old Believers. It is known that the residents of this city and its environs have long been engaged in pottery and making traditional toys.
Compared to the brightly colored Dymkovo and Filimonov toys, the Kargopol toy is harsh in appearance. It is characterized by a multi-figure composition (merry troikas with riders in sleighs, dancing figures, boat rides, fairy-tale scenes, etc.). All the figures are slightly squat, with short arms and legs, they have an elongated body, a thick and short neck and a relatively large head. It is interesting that the animals are depicted with thick paws.
The Kargopol toy has a village theme. The heroes of local craftsmen are ordinary Russian people working in the fields, plowmen and sowers who rest during lunch, women who wash clothes and nurse children. Often, masters created not only existing, but also fictional animals. For example, a half-horse, half-man, who is depicted in military uniform with orders; a two-headed horse or the Sirin bird.
Kargopol Russian folk toy
Kargopol craftsmen humanized real animals, that is, they painted clothes, household items, and musical instruments for them. They depicted bears, moose, rams, horses, cats, dogs, birds. Women were depicted in long sundresses, their hair was braided, beads were painted on their necks, and a bundle with a baby or a dish of food was placed in their hands. The man was always depicted with a thick beard, wearing a painted shirt, loose trousers and high boots with low heels. A cap or hat is on your head to protect you from the sun.
Each toy has its own symbolism and hidden meaning. The woman is a symbol of the Earth, fertility, and nurse. A bear is a symbol of the owner of the forest, a deer or ram is a symbol of the sky and the sun. The Kargopol toy was made from a single piece of clay, sometimes additional elements were added. After firing, the figurine was placed in a thick flour solution. Thanks to the burnt flour, bizarre dark patterns appeared on the surface, which were later covered with paints. This technology gave the figure relief and volume. The most popular colors for painting were red, green, yellow and blue.
Kargopol Russian folk toy
The toy was always decorated with a pattern: in images of people it was an ornament on clothing, and animals were decorated with horns or limbs. The pattern was simple and uncomplicated: wavy lines, geometric shapes and flowers. In addition, images on the toy of the sun, sky, moon, fire, earth and water served as a pattern.
Pleshkovskaya Russian folk toy
Toys from Pleshkovo are molded from a mixture of clay and mica. After firing the toy, mica inclusions give the product an additional silvery shine and sparkles over the entire surface. Burnt whistles have a porous structure and a pink tint. Craftsmen paint the clay in a free manner and distribute natural paint in spots. Initially, no paint was used at all in the manufacture of Pleshkovo toys, but more modern craftsmen grind bricks to completely cover the whistle and mix it with burdock or hemp extract. Previously, it was enough to find the required amount of local golden clay and draw 2-3 stripes along the figurine.
The name of the toy comes from the village of Pleshkovo, Oryol province. The toys are simple and concise. The main colors of the Pleshkovo toy: blue, red, green. When painting the product, natural dyes were used - elderberry and burdock juice, which were applied to the surface of the figure in the form of spots. The subjects of Pleshkovo toys are different: animals (horses, rams, cows, deer, roosters), birds (ducks), people (soldiers, ladies), fantastic creatures (mermaids, birds - sirins).
Pleshkovskaya Russian folk toy
The theme of peasant life was also widespread. For example, a very popular image for a clay figurine is a woman with a baby on her left arm. Among the livestock, cows, roosters, rams, and horses were most often depicted.
Pleshkovskaya Russian folk toy
Nowadays, Pleshkovo bells and whistles are created using traditional technology and ancient Russian mythical symbols, for example, mermaids.
Folk toy in kindergarten
Galina Rebrova
Folk toy in kindergarten
“ Childhood is an unforgettable time in the life of every person...”
In preschool age, new knowledge is acquired through play. Everyone knows that play is the main activity of preschool children. A child, captivated by play, does not notice that he not only plays, but can navigate the world around him, gets acquainted with something new and previously unknown. If during a lesson a child completes an adult’s task, then the game involves solving his own problems.
That is why a toy in a game is of great importance for a child’s learning and development.
Before selecting toys for play toy carries . Currently, a wide variety of toys that can not only develop our children, but also disrupt the course of the child’s normal mental development, and we, teachers, often think about this; it is very important for us to know what toys are near our children.
The older children get, the more often you hear from them about computer games and modern electronic toys . But, despite the significant place occupied by factory-made toys of folk toy makers of Russia , made from traditional materials - wood, fabric and clay - are of great interest to modern children, especially older preschool age. Today, interest in Russian folk art . Adults are increasingly introducing children to national culture. Introducing children to it is a means of developing patriotic feelings in them.
folk toys and games with them bring great joy to children of all ages . Starting from the younger groups of kindergarten , we introduce children to this type of folk craft . Children master individual elements, and then the painting technique and the initial stages of sculpting a folk toy ; they also enjoy painting blanks - silhouettes; they sculpt and paint finished figures; children's works are regularly exhibited at exhibitions . We are gradually leading children to understand the concept of “ folk toy ”
, we introduce the history of its origin and the masters who created it, with the technique of execution.
Today we are beginning to look at many things differently, we are rediscovering and re-evaluating many things.
Introducing children to folk culture , instilling pride and devotion to their native land is possible through familiarization with the crafts of their ancestors, with folk toys . Painted with decorative patterns that combine a certain rhythm, countability, and symmetry. Made entirely from natural materials, it represents the inextricable connection between man and nature. Nothing can compare with an original folk toy . The crafts of folk craftsmen are characterized by a number of features that make it possible to make folk dolls , jerks, gurneys easily recognizable, rag toys and from talasha .
Gorodets wooden toy is rich in plots and characters. Lively colors, simple, childlike ornaments , expressiveness of form give the toy uniqueness .
The Dymkovo clay toy is a combination of clear forms, simplicity of plot and lively painting.
Matryoshka is relevant at all times. It attracts not only with its bright painting and uniqueness of faces, but also with a playful element. The Semyonov, Zagorsk and Polkhov-Maidan nesting dolls are dressed in peasant fashion: a scarf, a painted sundress, a shawl, an apron.
Gzhel products are made of white clay and painted with wide bluish-blue strokes.
Khokhloma has absorbed all the beauty and richness of our nature.
In Russian peasant families, playing with dolls was not considered empty fun. They even gave dolls to each other as a sign of love and friendship. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian doll finally became a child's toy . When the children learned about the history of the creation of folk dolls , the group began the process of making dolls with their own hands. There were swaddling dolls, cuddle dolls, Easter egg dolls and Easter bunnies, and toys made from talasha .
folk toys with great pleasure .
Adults are faced with the task of developing in children a sustainable interest in works of art, in traditions, customs, and everyday life; introduce various toys , from an ancient amulet to a modern toy , as well as their history and the process of making toys with your own hands ; instill in children love, aesthetic taste and respect for toys . It’s not in vain that they say: “As long as the folk traditions and customs of the people , the people .” The joint work of teachers, children and parents will help accomplish the task and further unite the group.
Filimonovskaya Russian folk toy
Filimonovskaya Russian folk toy also belongs to clay. The toy was made in the village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district, Tula province. This village is located near deposits of good white clay. Philemon lived in this area , who made toys. Filimonovskaya traditional toy is made in the form of a lady, a peasant woman, a soldier, a dancing couple, as well as in the form of animals, for example, cows, rams, foxes, roosters and fantastic forest creatures.
Filimonovskaya Russian folk toy “Lady with a samovar”
By the middle of the 19th century, the Filimonovo fishery became widely known outside the Tula province. The Russian people loved bright, original clay figurines, bought them at fairs and gave them to children. At this time, almost all residents of the village of Filimonovo lived from pottery production. But at the beginning of the twentieth century, the fishery lost its former popularity. People began to look for new ways to earn money, craftsmen began to lose their skills, therefore, the number of masters and craftswomen decreased significantly. Three women lived in the village who did not lose the art of modeling and continued to make toys. Production more or less improved in the 1950s, when interest in Filimonov toys began to revive among the people. In the 1980s, the Filimonov toy regained its former popularity and reached new heights, thanks to a creative group consisting of graduates of the artistic and industrial lyceum.
Most Filimonov toys are used as whistles. There are also local features of the toy image. For example, a lady is always sculpted in a long skirt, in the shape of a bell, with a hat on her head. The man is depicted in a uniform with shoulder straps, a cap with a visor and boots with a small heel. Animals are depicted with a thin waist and a long graceful neck. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish animals from each other, and only the color of the figure or certain features helps with this. The horse is sculpted with small brown ears, the ram with round horns, and the cow with a crescent-shaped horn.
In general, the Filimonovskaya toy differs from others in its elongated shape and elongated proportions. This is dictated by the characteristics of the area, since the Tula region has rich deposits of fatty clay; it is well suited for shaping, but when dried it settles significantly and cracks. Craftsmen repeatedly straighten the figure, stretching it, thereby hiding uneven contours and cracks.
Filimonovskaya Russian folk toy “Ram”
The Filimonov toy is sparsely painted. The colors used are mainly yellow, red and green, and sometimes blue and violet. However, painting occurs in a certain order: initially they paint yellow spots, then outline them in red, or draw patterns, and then complement them with green. They start painting with patterns from the center, using a smooth transition to the edges of the product. It should be noted that the patterns are very simple and straightforward: stripes, herringbones, geometric shapes and stars. When painting a Filimonovskaya toy, floral patterns predominate: leaves, sun, branches, berries and flowers.
DIY craft
Both professionals and beginners in needlework can create a beautiful product. You just need to put in a little effort, patience and perseverance.
Crafts on a Russian-folk theme are often created from scrap materials and simple tools. If you know how to sew or knit, you can make dolls, characters from Russian folk tales, and amulets.
The basis is made:
- Made from material stuffed with cotton wool,
- Straw,
- Mattings,
- Tree.
The top is decorated with sewn and knitted clothes, hair made from threads and yarn. From leftover yarn and fabric you can sew bright patchwork rugs, blankets, and sofa cushions.
It’s easy to make a matryoshka doll or a Dymkovo toy from clay or plasticine. It is better to use polymer clay for the product. It holds its shape well and does not crack when drying. With the children, paint the finished craft with bright ornaments and cover the top with a layer of varnish.
Make three-dimensional pictures from salt dough or plasticine: scenes from Russian fairy tales, nesting dolls, fairy-tale characters. Stick the details of the painting onto a board, dry it, and paint it.
Russian folk toy made of wood. Bogorodskaya toy
Bogorodskaya Russian traditional toy comes from the village of Bogorodskoye, Moscow province. The toy is made of wood, mainly linden. Before making a toy, the linden tree must dry for two years. Wood chips are used to make toy stands. Bogorodsk toys are rarely decorated or painted. In Rus', the surface of finished figurines was cleaned with sandpaper. Next, the toys are finished with carvings, which rhythmically lie on the surface and decorate the product. Traditionally, some parts of the toy were made movable. Some toys were mounted on stands-bedside tables, and a spring was inserted inside - it brought the figure into action.
Bogorodskaya Russian folk toy
Other toys were made on spreader bars (“Herd”, “Cavalry”, “Soldiers”). There are toys whose moving parts are attached to weighted strings; the weight swings, pulls the thread, it activates parts of the figures. The subjects of the Bogorodsk toy are varied - these are heroes of fairy tales and fables.
Mazyk Russian folk toy
The wooden Mazyk Russian folk toy is very rare. It was made for relatives - children, wives, parents, etc. In Rus', the Mazyk toy was called “Bolvashka”, “tararushka”, “chip goods”. The type of carving that is made for the toy was preserved among the Mazyks, part of the community of the Ofeni, peddlers, who lived in the former Vladimir province - this is where the name of the product comes from. The subjects of Mazyk toys are varied: people, animals, birds.
Mazyk Russian folk toy “Konik”
The main feature of toy production is the use of only an ax; other tools are used extremely rarely. The toy is made of pine, aspen or linden. Traditionally, it is made from logs with protruding knots. These knots are used in the product; they can turn into a tail or beak, or they can become fins for a pike.
Types of Russian folk toys: the difference in the material of manufacture
Our ancestors used three types of raw materials to create figurines. These were the most accessible and cheapest materials that can be used without restrictions:
- Clay.
- Tree. Figures made from similar raw materials were painted, carved, or their surface was not processed at all.
- Fabric toys. They were extremely rare, and they gained popularity much later than the first two types of products.
Most often, the figurines were an image of a person, for example, boyars, peasants or soldiers. The second most popular were toys in the shape of animals, such as a bear, horse, rooster, etc.
In rare cases, products depicted mystical creatures, such as mermaids or mermen. Moreover, it so happened that each region of the country had its own techniques for creating toys. Some techniques have survived to this day.
Matryoshka
The Russian nesting doll is known and loved all over the world. The birthplace of the nesting doll is considered to be the city of Sergiev Posad, where a wooden lady was first made, from which, when opened, similar female figures of different sizes appeared. The invention of the Russian nesting doll dates back relatively recently - the end of the 19th century. During this period, the famous turner V.P. Zvezdochkin , who was engaged in the manufacture of wooden toys, at the request of the artist S.V. Malutina made a blank from wood, into which he placed the same opening blanks, but different in size.
The subject for painting the very first toy was the everyday affairs of Russian beauties. The matryoshka consisted of 8 wooden dolls. Later, the number of dolls varied and even reached 48 wooden ladies. Matryoshka dolls were produced in the artel of S.I. Mamontov in Sergiev Posad. The Russian nesting doll was exhibited at exhibitions in Paris. This amazing toy attracted the attention of foreigners, who began placing orders with Russian craftsmen.
Russian doll
Mostly matryoshka dolls were distributed, which consisted of 3, 8 and 12 dolls. The more dolls there were, the more valuable the matryoshka became. The main theme of the nesting dolls was everyday life. Most often they depicted the home activities of ladies. The girls were depicted in traditional outfits and always wearing a headscarf. The girls held sickles for the harvest, jugs of milk, and baskets of berries in their hands. Later, other subjects began to be depicted on matryoshka dolls, for example, characters from fairy tales and fables, heroes from stories by famous writers.
Once they tried to change the shape of the nesting dolls, for example, cone-shaped dolls appeared that were inserted into one another. But this form was not popular among the people, so the masters returned to the previous one.
The dolls also differed in their painting. Currently, the following types of painting are distinguished:
- Zagorsk (bright, rich colors and many small, clearly drawn elements);
- Merinovskie (large flowers);
- Semenovskie (strict symmetrical painting);
- Polkhovskie (image of rosehip flowers);
- Vyatskie (northerner young lady).
To make nesting dolls, linden is used, which, after painting, is coated with a transparent oil-based varnish. First, the craftsman grinds out the smallest solid figure. Then he makes the bottom of the next figure. After processing, this element dries well, and only then the upper part of the figure is adjusted. According to this scheme, all the components of the nesting doll are prepared. Dried parts must be treated with starch glue, which serves as the basis for painting. After the product has dried, begin painting the nesting dolls.
Matryoshka
First, the master draws the face. The head of the nesting doll is depicted covered with a scarf, which is painted in traditional Russian patterns. The type of clothing most often depicted is a sundress; sometimes it is complemented by an apron. The figurine is decorated with floral ornaments. After the paint has dried, a finishing layer is applied, which protects the nesting doll from moisture and chips.
Fedoseevskaya Russian folk toy
Fedoseevskaya Russian folk toy was made in the village of Fedoseevo, Nizhny Novgorod province. At the end of the 19th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region, the toy business developed everywhere. Yakov Aleksandrovich Aleksandrov lived in Fedoseevo , who made movable toys from chips and boards.
Fedoseevskaya Russian folk toy
Toys are made with a knife and an ax, using wooden chips and planks. Chips and planks are nailed together with nails and painted with simple patterns. Initially, toys were painted with a quill pen. Later, they began to dip the entire product into yellow paint, creating a sunny background, and then applied flowers.
The main plot of Fedoseev's toy is horses. They also cut out doll furniture, cars, boats, carousels, sleighs, airplanes, trams, and multi-story steamers. By the 1930s, Fedoseev toys began to be produced on an industrial basis in the city of Semenov. In 1948, the Fedoseevsky artel of toy makers was annexed to the Semenovsky cooperative.
Fedoseevskaya Russian folk toy
The main colors of the Fedoseev toy are yellow and red. In the 1950s, the fishery began to lose its former popularity. Currently, master N.S. Muravyov is reviving the toy craft.
Project "Folk Toy" in the senior group
Elena Somina
Project "Folk Toy" in the senior group
Project " People's Toy "
in
the senior group
Prepared by: Somina E. V.
Sukhinichi, 2016
Relevance.
Nowadays there is a lot of talk about what our children's toys . But these disputes did not appear today. After all, toys for children are a special world, in fact, the world of adults in miniature, where the child only has the role of owner and user, but not the creator; he does not invent anything, but only applies it. Folk toys are of particular importance for the overall development of a child . They were created by the people for children and were aimed at the so-called “socialization”
baby: entering the world of human culture, relationships between people and nature.
such toys “with inner meaning”
for their children.
This art was passed down from generation to generation. This later led to the creation of entire toy industries .
Based on the idea of developing a child’s creative abilities through folk culture , “ Folk Toy ” project was developed with the children of the older group.
.
This project helps to introduce children to the origins of Russian folk culture , helps to nourish the receptive soul of a child with sublime human values, and generate interest and respect for the history of Russia.
Problem:
These days, folk toys But it is the folk toy that has always carried the enormous potential of social heritage. Unfortunately, modern parents underestimate the developmental role of folk toys .
Project goal : Introducing children to folk culture through familiarization with folk toys .
Tasks:
•To create a desire in children to get acquainted with the variety of folk toys (clay, wood, rag, straw, birch bark, etc.)
•To ensure memorization of games with folk toys , the possibility of using them in various types of children's activities (moving, plot, director's games, theatrical activities, visual arts based on folk toys ).
•Promote the development of cognitive interests, aesthetic perception, logical thinking, attention, imagination, sensorimotor skills, dexterity, ingenuity.
•Form and develop communication skills, the desire to use folk toys in joint and independent activities.
Type of project : informational - creative.
Type of project : group
Duration: short term
Age: 5-6 years
Participants: teachers, children and parents of the senior group
Project stages
Stage 1 - preparatory
-Definition by the teacher of the topic, goals and objectives, content of the project , forecasting the result.
-Creating the necessary conditions for the implementation of the project
-Forward planning
Stage 2 - main (practical)
-Introduction into the educational process of techniques and methods to expand children’s knowledge about folk toys
-Productive activities
Stage 3 – final
-Exhibition of joint creative works of children and parents “Rag Toy ”
.
-Presentation of the project “ Folk Toy ”
.
Estimated results of the project :
-Knowledge of various types of folk toys , the content of games with them
-Ability to organize joint and independent play activities with folk toys
-A persistent desire to play with traditional toys
Project implementation
Cognitive development (FCDM)
:
"Russian folk toy "
.
Making riddles on the topic of the project .
Counting books, nursery rhymes, chants, tongue twisters, ditties.
D/game: “Recognize the toy by description ”
D/game: “Make a pattern”
“Count the nesting dolls” (FEMP)
Artistic and aesthetic development:
Modeling of the Dymkovo toy - “Goat”
.
Painting silhouettes of Dymkovo toys , drawing nesting dolls
Reading fiction:
Poems: I. Kadukhina, T. Mavrina, V. Fofanov, L. Dyakova.
G. L. Dine. " Toymaker "
N. Konopleva “The Second Life of Things”
.
M. Yu. Yuryeva “Not out of boredom, jack of all trades”
.
Yu. Anokhin “In the Toy ”
Socialization: Role-playing game: “ Toy ”
, “Journey to the country of
“
Folk Toys ” , Finger Theater
“Merry Matryoshkas”
Artistic and aesthetic development. Music:
Round dance game with matryoshka, Song “Russian souvenir”
Words and music by E. Churilova." Tape recording
"Kalinka - Malinka"
.
Physical development.Health:
Russian folk game : “Sit, sit, Yasha”
,
“Grandmas”
, Outdoor game:
“Horses”
,
“Stream”
.
Physical education minutes, Breathing exercises: “Blow on a handkerchief”
,Finger gymnastics:
“At Matryoshka’s sister”
Communication, conversations with children on the topic:
“
People's toy ” (Filimonovskaya, Kargopolskaya, Dymkovskaya, Russian nesting dolls)
.
Compiling a descriptive story about a folk toy .
We compose a fairy tale “Visiting Matryona”
.
Safety:
Conversation: “How to play with a toy ”
-compliance with safety rules.
Cognitive - research activities, manual labor:
"On a visit to Russian masters"
Working with parents:
-Consultation “ Toys for modern children”
-Questionnaire on the topic: “ Folk toy ”
-Consultation “Russian nesting doll. Who is she?"
Results of the project :
The project achieved its goals and objectives. Many warm words were said the project They noted that the children learned a lot of interesting things about folk crafts , gained experience playing with folk toys , using them in independent activities, and began to share their impressions with family and friends.
